@article {7,
	title = {Development and preliminary testing of a computerized adaptive assessment of chronic pain},
	journal = {Journal of Pain},
	volume = {10},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Anatchkova, Milena DSaris-Baglama, Renee NKosinski, MarkBjorner, Jakob B1R43AR052251-01A1/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United StatesEvaluation StudiesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesThe journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain SocietyJ Pain. 2009 Sep;10(9):932-43.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {932-943},
	edition = {2009/07/15},
	abstract = {The aim of this article is to report the development and preliminary testing of a prototype computerized adaptive test of chronic pain (CHRONIC PAIN-CAT) conducted in 2 stages: (1) evaluation of various item selection and stopping rules through real data-simulated administrations of CHRONIC PAIN-CAT; (2) a feasibility study of the actual prototype CHRONIC PAIN-CAT assessment system conducted in a pilot sample. Item calibrations developed from a US general population sample (N = 782) were used to program a pain severity and impact item bank (kappa = 45), and real data simulations were conducted to determine a CAT stopping rule. The CHRONIC PAIN-CAT was programmed on a tablet PC using QualityMetric{\textquoteright}s Dynamic Health Assessment (DYHNA) software and administered to a clinical sample of pain sufferers (n = 100). The CAT was completed in significantly less time than the static (full item bank) assessment (P < .001). On average, 5.6 items were dynamically administered by CAT to achieve a precise score. Scores estimated from the 2 assessments were highly correlated (r = .89), and both assessments discriminated across pain severity levels (P < .001, RV = .95). Patients{\textquoteright} evaluations of the CHRONIC PAIN-CAT were favorable. PERSPECTIVE: This report demonstrates that the CHRONIC PAIN-CAT is feasible for administration in a clinic. The application has the potential to improve pain assessment and help clinicians manage chronic pain.},
	keywords = {*Computers, *Questionnaires, Activities of Daily Living, Adaptation, Psychological, Chronic Disease, Cohort Studies, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Outcome Assessment (Health Care), Pain Measurement/*methods, Pain, Intractable/*diagnosis/psychology, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, User-Computer Interface},
	isbn = {1528-8447 (Electronic)1526-5900 (Linking)},
	author = {Anatchkova, M. D. and Saris-Baglama, R. N. and Kosinski, M. and Bjorner, J. B.}
}
@article {78,
	title = {Reduction in patient burdens with graphical computerized adaptive testing on the ADL scale: tool development and simulation},
	journal = {Health and Quality of Life Outcomes},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Chien, Tsair-WeiWu, Hing-ManWang, Weng-ChungCastillo, Roberto VasquezChou, WillyComparative StudyValidation StudiesEnglandHealth and quality of life outcomesHealth Qual Life Outcomes. 2009 May 5;7:39.},
	pages = {39},
	edition = {2009/05/07},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness and efficacy of saving time and reducing burden for patients, nurses, and even occupational therapists through computer adaptive testing (CAT). METHODS: Based on an item bank of the Barthel Index (BI) and the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI) for assessing comprehensive activities of daily living (ADL) function in stroke patients, we developed a visual basic application (VBA)-Excel CAT module, and (1) investigated whether the averaged test length via CAT is shorter than that of the traditional all-item-answered non-adaptive testing (NAT) approach through simulation, (2) illustrated the CAT multimedia on a tablet PC showing data collection and response errors of ADL clinical functional measures in stroke patients, and (3) demonstrated the quality control of endorsing scale with fit statistics to detect responding errors, which will be further immediately reconfirmed by technicians once patient ends the CAT assessment. RESULTS: The results show that endorsed items could be shorter on CAT (M = 13.42) than on NAT (M = 23) at 41.64\% efficiency in test length. However, averaged ability estimations reveal insignificant differences between CAT and NAT. CONCLUSION: This study found that mobile nursing services, placed at the bedsides of patients could, through the programmed VBA-Excel CAT module, reduce the burden to patients and save time, more so than the traditional NAT paper-and-pencil testing appraisals.},
	keywords = {*Activities of Daily Living, *Computer Graphics, *Computer Simulation, *Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Female, Humans, Male, Point-of-Care Systems, Reproducibility of Results, Stroke/*rehabilitation, Taiwan, United States},
	isbn = {1477-7525 (Electronic)1477-7525 (Linking)},
	author = {Chien, T. W. and Wu, H. M. and Wang, W-C. and Castillo, R. V. and Chou, W.}
}
@article {95,
	title = {Strategies for controlling item exposure in computerized adaptive testing with the partial credit model},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Davis, Laurie LaughlinDodd, Barbara GUnited StatesJournal of applied measurementJ Appl Meas. 2008;9(1):1-17.},
	pages = {1-17},
	edition = {2008/01/09},
	abstract = {Exposure control research with polytomous item pools has determined that randomization procedures can be very effective for controlling test security in computerized adaptive testing (CAT). The current study investigated the performance of four procedures for controlling item exposure in a CAT under the partial credit model. In addition to a no exposure control baseline condition, the Kingsbury-Zara, modified-within-.10-logits, Sympson-Hetter, and conditional Sympson-Hetter procedures were implemented to control exposure rates. The Kingsbury-Zara and the modified-within-.10-logits procedures were implemented with 3 and 6 item candidate conditions. The results show that the Kingsbury-Zara and modified-within-.10-logits procedures with 6 item candidates performed as well as the conditional Sympson-Hetter in terms of exposure rates, overlap rates, and pool utilization. These two procedures are strongly recommended for use with partial credit CATs due to their simplicity and strength of their results.},
	keywords = {*Algorithms, *Computers, *Educational Measurement/statistics \& numerical data, Humans, Questionnaires/*standards, United States},
	isbn = {1529-7713 (Print)1529-7713 (Linking)},
	author = {Davis, L. L. and Dodd, B. G.}
}
@article {53,
	title = {Patient-reported outcomes measurement and management with innovative methodologies and technologies},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {16 Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Chang, Chih-HungR21CA113191/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United StatesResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2007;16 Suppl 1:157-66. Epub 2007 May 26.},
	pages = {157-66},
	edition = {2007/05/29},
	abstract = {Successful integration of modern psychometrics and advanced informatics in patient-reported outcomes (PRO) measurement and management can potentially maximize the value of health outcomes research and optimize the delivery of quality patient care. Unlike the traditional labor-intensive paper-and-pencil data collection method, item response theory-based computerized adaptive testing methodologies coupled with novel technologies provide an integrated environment to collect, analyze and present ready-to-use PRO data for informed and shared decision-making. This article describes the needs, challenges and solutions for accurate, efficient and cost-effective PRO data acquisition and dissemination means in order to provide critical and timely PRO information necessary to actively support and enhance routine patient care in busy clinical settings.},
	keywords = {*Health Status, *Outcome Assessment (Health Care), *Quality of Life, *Software, Computer Systems/*trends, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Humans, Patient Satisfaction, Questionnaires, United States},
	isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)0962-9343 (Linking)},
	author = {Chang, C-H.}
}
@article {328,
	title = {Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)},
	journal = {Medical Care},
	volume = {45},
	number = {5 Suppl 1},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Reeve, Bryce BHays, Ron DBjorner, Jakob BCook, Karon FCrane, Paul KTeresi, Jeanne AThissen, DavidRevicki, Dennis AWeiss, David JHambleton, Ronald KLiu, HonghuGershon, RichardReise, Steven PLai, Jin-sheiCella, DavidPROMIS Cooperative GroupAG015815/AG/United States NIAResearch Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralUnited StatesMedical careMed Care. 2007 May;45(5 Suppl 1):S22-31.},
	month = {May},
	pages = {S22-31},
	edition = {2007/04/20},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The construction and evaluation of item banks to measure unidimensional constructs of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a fundamental objective of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) project. OBJECTIVES: Item banks will be used as the foundation for developing short-form instruments and enabling computerized adaptive testing. The PROMIS Steering Committee selected 5 HRQOL domains for initial focus: physical functioning, fatigue, pain, emotional distress, and social role participation. This report provides an overview of the methods used in the PROMIS item analyses and proposed calibration of item banks. ANALYSES: Analyses include evaluation of data quality (eg, logic and range checking, spread of response distribution within an item), descriptive statistics (eg, frequencies, means), item response theory model assumptions (unidimensionality, local independence, monotonicity), model fit, differential item functioning, and item calibration for banking. RECOMMENDATIONS: Summarized are key analytic issues; recommendations are provided for future evaluations of item banks in HRQOL assessment.},
	keywords = {*Health Status, *Information Systems, *Quality of Life, *Self Disclosure, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Calibration, Databases as Topic, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Psychometrics, Questionnaires/standards, United States},
	isbn = {0025-7079 (Print)},
	author = {Reeve, B. B. and Hays, R. D. and Bjorner, J. B. and Cook, K. F. and Crane, P. K. and Teresi, J. A. and Thissen, D. and Revicki, D. A. and Weiss,  D. J. and Hambleton, R. K. and Liu, H. and Gershon, R. C. and Reise, S. P. and Lai, J. S. and Cella, D.}
}
@article {247,
	title = {Comparing methods of assessing differential item functioning in a computerized adaptive testing environment},
	journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement},
	volume = {43},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {245-264},
	publisher = {Blackwell Publishing: United Kingdom},
	abstract = {Mantel-Haenszel and SIBTEST, which have known difficulty in detecting non-unidirectional differential item functioning (DIF), have been adapted with some success for computerized adaptive testing (CAT). This study adapts logistic regression (LR) and the item-response-theory-likelihood-ratio test (IRT-LRT), capable of detecting both unidirectional and non-unidirectional DIF, to the CAT environment in which pretest items are assumed to be seeded in CATs but not used for trait estimation. The proposed adaptation methods were evaluated with simulated data under different sample size ratios and impact conditions in terms of Type I error, power, and specificity in identifying the form of DIF. The adapted LR and IRT-LRT procedures are more powerful than the CAT version of SIBTEST for non-unidirectional DIF detection. The good Type I error control provided by IRT-LRT under extremely unequal sample sizes and large impact is encouraging. Implications of these and other findings are discussed. all rights reserved)},
	keywords = {computerized adaptive testing, educational testing, item response theory likelihood ratio test, logistic regression, trait estimation, unidirectional \& non-unidirectional differential item functioning},
	isbn = {0022-0655 (Print)},
	author = {Lei, P-W. and Chen, S-Y. and Yu, L.}
}
@article {311,
	title = {Multidimensional computerized adaptive testing of the EORTC QLQ-C30: basic developments and evaluations},
	journal = {Quality of Life Research},
	volume = {15},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Petersen, Morten AaGroenvold, MogensAaronson, NeilFayers, PeterSprangers, MirjamBjorner, Jakob BEuropean Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life GroupResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}tNetherlandsQuality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitationQual Life Res. 2006 Apr;15(3):315-29.},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {315-29},
	edition = {2006/03/21},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Self-report questionnaires are widely used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Ideally, such questionnaires should be adapted to the individual patient and at the same time scores should be directly comparable across patients. This may be achieved using computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Usually, CAT is carried out for a single domain at a time. However, many HRQOL domains are highly correlated. Multidimensional CAT may utilize these correlations to improve measurement efficiency. We investigated the possible advantages and difficulties of multidimensional CAT. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We evaluated multidimensional CAT of three scales from the EORTC QLQ-C30: the physical functioning, emotional functioning, and fatigue scales. Analyses utilised a database with 2958 European cancer patients. RESULTS: It was possible to obtain scores for the three domains with five to seven items administered using multidimensional CAT that were very close to the scores obtained using all 12 items and with no or little loss of measurement precision. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that multidimensional CAT may significantly improve measurement precision and efficiency and encourage further research into multidimensional CAT. Particularly, the estimation of the model underlying the multidimensional CAT and the conceptual aspects need further investigations.},
	keywords = {*Quality of Life, *Self Disclosure, Adult, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Questionnaires/*standards, User-Computer Interface},
	isbn = {0962-9343 (Print)},
	author = {Petersen, M. A. and Groenvold, M. and Aaronson, N. K. and Fayers, P. and Sprangers, M. and Bjorner, J. B.}
}
@inbook {322,
	title = {Adaptive computerized educational systems: A case study},
	booktitle = {Evidence-based educational methods},
	series = {Educational Psychology Series},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Using Smart Source ParsingEvidence-based educational methods. A volume in the educational psychology series. (pp. 143-170). San Diego, CA : Elsevier Academic Press, [URL:http://www.academicpress.com]. xxiv, 382 pp},
	pages = {143-169},
	publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press},
	organization = {Elsevier Academic Press},
	chapter = {10},
	address = {San Diego, CA. USA},
	abstract = {(Created by APA) Adaptive instruction describes adjustments typical of one-on-one tutoring as discussed in the college tutorial scenario. So computerized adaptive instruction refers to the use of computer software--almost always incorporating artificially intelligent services--which has been designed to adjust both the presentation of information and the form of questioning to meet the current needs of an individual learner. This chapter describes a system for Internet-delivered adaptive instruction. The author attempts to demonstrate a sharp difference between the teaching that takes place outside of the classroom in universities and the kind that is at least afforded, if not taken advantage of by many, students in a more personalized educational setting such as those in the small liberal arts colleges. The author describes a computer-based technology that allows that gap to be bridged with the advantage of at least having more highly prepared learners sitting in college classrooms. A limited range of emerging research that supports that proposition is cited. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA )},
	keywords = {Artificial, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer Software, Higher Education, Individualized, Instruction, Intelligence, Internet, Undergraduate Education},
	author = {Ray, R. D.},
	editor = {R. W. Malott}
}
@article {34,
	title = {Developing an initial physical function item bank from existing sources},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Measurement},
	volume = {4},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	note = {1529-7713Journal Article},
	pages = {124-36},
	abstract = {The objective of this article is to illustrate incremental item banking using health-related quality of life data collected from two samples of patients receiving cancer treatment. The kinds of decisions one faces in establishing an item bank for computerized adaptive testing are also illustrated. Pre-calibration procedures include: identifying common items across databases; creating a new database with data from each pool; reverse-scoring "negative" items; identifying rating scales used in items; identifying pivot points in each rating scale; pivot anchoring items at comparable rating scale categories; and identifying items in each instrument that measure the construct of interest. A series of calibrations were conducted in which a small proportion of new items were added to the common core and misfitting items were identified and deleted until an initial item bank has been developed.},
	keywords = {*Databases, *Sickness Impact Profile, Adaptation, Psychological, Data Collection, Humans, Neoplasms/*physiopathology/psychology/therapy, Psychometrics, Quality of Life/*psychology, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., United States},
	author = {Bode, R. K. and Cella, D. and Lai, J. S. and Heinemann, A. W.}
}
@article {191,
	title = {Item response theory and health outcomes measurement in the 21st century},
	journal = {Medical Care},
	volume = {38},
	number = {9 Suppl II},
	year = {2000},
	note = {204349670025-7079Journal Article},
	pages = {II28-II42},
	abstract = {Item response theory (IRT) has a number of potential advantages over classical test theory in assessing self-reported health outcomes. IRT models yield invariant item and latent trait estimates (within a linear transformation), standard errors conditional on trait level, and trait estimates anchored to item content. IRT also facilitates evaluation of differential item functioning, inclusion of items with different response formats in the same scale, and assessment of person fit and is ideally suited for implementing computer adaptive testing. Finally, IRT methods can be helpful in developing better health outcome measures and in assessing change over time. These issues are reviewed, along with a discussion of some of the methodological and practical challenges in applying IRT methods.},
	keywords = {*Models, Statistical, Activities of Daily Living, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Health Services Research/*methods, Health Surveys, Human, Mathematical Computing, Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/*methods, Research Design, Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., United States},
	author = {Hays, R. D. and Morales, L. S. and Reise, S. P.}
}
@article {216,
	title = {Dispelling myths about the new NCLEX exam},
	journal = {Recruitment, Retention, and Restructuring Report},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Journal Article},
	month = {Jan-Feb},
	pages = {6-7},
	abstract = {The new computerized NCLEX system is working well. Most new candidates, employers, and board of nursing representatives like the computerized adaptive testing system and the fast report of results. But, among the candidates themselves some myths have grown which cause them needless anxiety.},
	keywords = {*Educational Measurement, *Licensure, Humans, Nursing Staff, Personnel Selection, United States},
	author = {Johnson, S. H.}
}
@article {217,
	title = {Moving in a new direction: Computerized adaptive testing (CAT)},
	journal = {Nursing Management},
	volume = {24},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	note = {Jones-Dickson, CDorsey, DCampbell-Warnock, JFields, FUnited statesNursing managementNurs Manage. 1993 Jan;24(1):80, 82.},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {80, 82},
	edition = {1993/01/01},
	keywords = {*Computers, Accreditation/methods, Educational Measurement/*methods, Licensure, Nursing, United States},
	isbn = {0744-6314 (Print)},
	author = {Jones-Dickson, C. and Dorsey, D. and Campbell-Warnock, J. and Fields, F.}
}
@article {37,
	title = {Future directions for the National Council: the Computerized Adaptive Testing Project},
	journal = {Issues},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {911613080885-0046Journal Article},
	pages = {1, 3, 5},
	keywords = {*Computers, *Licensure, Educational Measurement/*methods, Societies, Nursing, United States},
	author = {Bouchard, J.}
}
@article {190,
	title = {National Council Computerized Adaptive Testing Project Review--committee perspective},
	journal = {Issues},
	volume = {11},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	note = {911613110885-0046Journal Article},
	pages = {3},
	keywords = {*Computers, *Licensure, Educational Measurement/*methods, Feasibility Studies, Societies, Nursing, United States},
	author = {Haynes, B.}
}
