@article {361,
	title = {Computerized adaptive assessment of personality disorder: Introducing the CAT{\textendash}PD project},
	journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
	volume = {93},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {380-389},
	abstract = {Assessment of personality disorders (PD) has been hindered by reliance on the problematic categorical model embodied in the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Model of Mental Disorders (DSM), lack of consensus among alternative dimensional models, and inefficient measurement methods. This article describes the rationale for and early results from a multiyear study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health that was designed to develop an integrative and comprehensive model and efficient measure of PD trait dimensions. To accomplish these goals, we are in the midst of a 5-phase project to develop and validate the model and measure. The results of Phase 1 of the project{\textemdash}which was focused on developing the PD traits to be assessed and the initial item pool{\textemdash}resulted in a candidate list of 59 PD traits and an initial item pool of 2,589 items. Data collection and structural analyses in community and patient samples will inform the ultimate structure of the measure, and computerized adaptive testing will permit efficient measurement of the resultant traits. The resultant Computerized Adaptive Test of Personality Disorder (CAT{\textendash}PD) will be well positioned as a measure of the proposed DSM{\textendash}5 PD traits. Implications for both applied and basic personality research are discussed.},
	isbn = {0022-3891},
	author = {Simms, L. J. and Goldberg, L .R. and Roberts, J. E. and Watson, D. and Welte, J. and Rotterman, J. H.}
}
@article {360,
	title = {Validation of a computerized adaptive version of the Schedule of Non-Adaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP)},
	journal = {Psychological Assessment},
	volume = {17},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {28-43},
	abstract = {    This is a validation study of a computerized adaptive (CAT) version of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) conducted with 413 undergraduates who completed the SNAP twice, 1 week apart. Participants were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 retest groups: (a) paper-and-pencil (P\&P) SNAP, (b) CAT, (c) P\&P/CAT, and (d) CAT/P\&P. With number of items held constant, computerized administration had little effect on descriptive statistics, rank ordering of scores, reliability, and concurrent validity, but was preferred over P\&P administration by most participants. CAT administration yielded somewhat lower precision and validity than P\&P administration, but required 36\% to 37\% fewer items and 58\% to 60\% less time to complete. These results confirm not only key findings from previous CAT simulation studies of personality measures but extend them for the 1st time to a live assessment setting. },
	author = {Simms, L. J. and Clark, L.J.}
}
@article {359,
	title = {Development, reliability, and validity of a computerized adaptive version of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality},
	journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences \& Engineering},
	volume = {63},
	number = {7-B},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {3485},
	abstract = {Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) techniques were applied to the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) to create a more efficient measure with little or no cost to test reliability or validity. The SNAP includes 15 factor analytically derived and relatively unidimensional traits relevant to personality disorder. IRT item parameters were calibrated on item responses from a sample of 3,995 participants who completed the traditional paper-and-pencil (P\&P) SNAP in a variety of university, community, and patient settings. Computerized simulations were conducted to test various adaptive testing algorithms, and the results informed the construction of the CAT version of the SNAP (SNAP-CAT). A validation study of the SNAP-CAT was conducted on a sample of 413 undergraduates who completed the SNAP twice, separated by one week. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups who completed (1) a modified P\&P version of the SNAP (SNAP-PP) twice (n = 106), (2) the SNAP-PP first and the SNAP-CAT second (n = 105), (3) the SNAP-CAT first and the SNAP-PP second (n = 102), and (4) the SNAP-CAT twice (n = 100). Results indicated that the SNAP-CAT was 58\% and 60\% faster than the traditional P\&P version, at Times 1 and 2, respectively, and mean item savings across scales were 36\% and 37\%, respectively. These savings came with minimal cost to reliability or validity, and the two test forms were largely equivalent. Descriptive statistics, rank-ordering of scores, internal factor structure, and convergent/discriminant validity were highly comparable across testing modes and methods of scoring, and very few differences between forms replicated across testing sessions. In addition, participants overwhelmingly preferred the computerized version to the P\&P version. However, several specific problems were identified for the Self-harm and Propriety scales of the SNAP-CAT that appeared to be broadly related to IRT calibration difficulties. Reasons for these anomalous findings are discussed, and follow-up studies are suggested. Despite these specific problems, the SNAP-CAT appears to be a viable alternative to the traditional P\&P SNAP. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved).},
	author = {Simms, L. J.}
}
@mastersthesis {1978,
	title = {DEVELOPMENT, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY OF A COMPUTERIZED ADAPTIVE VERSION OF THE SCHEDULE FOR NONADAPTIVE AND ADAPTIVE PERSONALITY},
	year = {2002},
	address = {Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City Iowa},
	author = {Simms, L. J.}
}
